The Current And Potential Use Of Knowledge Management Within The Essay

The Current And Potential Use Of Knowledge Management Within The Airline Industry - Essay Example The Current And Potential Use Of Knowledge Management Within The Airline Industry The various sectors of both AirAsia and the Malaysian Air travel industry were considered and the study research conducted on how they have strategized their operations in order to reap the good benefits of Knowledge Management (AirAsia 2007). The key aspects of Knowledge Management with concern to the airline industry included the information communication technology, organizational learning that involves collective approach towards gaining intellectual capital by the organization, and knowledge sharing that is done between various organizations and institutions either within or externally to acquire better skills and knowledge (Christensen 2007). An industry analysis was conducted and it was clear that the Malaysian Air Services is an oligopoly. It was found out that ICT had been used in innovation, knowledge development and utilization and knowledge capitalization whereas organizational learning and knowledge sharing were so fruitful in improving the modus operandi and new business development for the two airlines. It was thus recommended that the AirAsia knowledge management practices needed to support their expanding business besides sustenance of its cost-leadership advantage and MAS would have to face challenges of its hybrid strategy of competitive pricing and differentiation that would in turn make its brand recognized as a five-star value carrier. (Oxford Business Group 2007). 2.0 Introduction The term Knowledge Management is a diverse field though does not have a specific common definition throughout the universe. In a general sense this is the collective use of skills, principles, facts and rules embodied in a firm’s knowledge assets to add value to the organization by gaining competitive knowledge over othe r firms (Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999).Knowledge Management is a prerequisite to successful operation by various companies in the current hyper-competitive and ever-dynamic environment where survival can only be a product of their ability to develop longing knowledge-based competencies which can be easily adapted (Nonaka, 1991).though it be difficult to manage, it is most likely that it is the most strategic organizational asset (Shepard, 2000) and is the dominant way of gaining competitive advantage. Knowledge can be classified as either generic or specific though to a certain degree specific knowledge is unique to the firm hence it is more likely source of competitive advantage and is the basis of main competences in comparison with generic knowledge which is even so necessary for business operation (Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999).the airline industry with its very competitive nature, dynamic stance, complexity alongside its high dependence on knowledge management gives

Mission & Vision Essay Example for Free

Mission Vision Essay The article speaks about how a mission should be written, so it will provide a clearer and well defined purpose. It’s explained the advantages and limitations of having it. It also explore whether a standalone statement or a broader model should be a better mission statement. This is followed by proposing a new definition of a mission, demonstrating how it is rooted in good practice, and presenting its benefits and limitations. Some context of practical implication discussed as well. Findings The paper initially shows the inconsistent use of the concept of mission in the expanded list approach. It then proceeds to show similar inconsistencies in three of the most respected models of guiding statements in the literature. Vision Framework (Collins and Porras (1991, 1995, 1996, and 1997) Ashridge Mission Model (Campbell and Yeung (1991)) Model of organizational vision –Liptons Model (Lipton’s (1996, 2003)) Mission Statements Approaches Check List Type: The article says that to get a well-defined mission statement, it has to have the checklist-type approach. Research shows that many times companies are only setting a single line of mission statement which does not constitute all the items in the checklist which makes it a poor mission statement. This is where suggestions are being made to the organizations to redefine the mission statement  by David and David (2003), They suggest the following comprehensive list of nine components that an effective mission statement should include: Customers (the target market) Products/services (offerings and value provided to customers) Geographic markets (where the firm seeks customers) Technology (the technology used to produce and market products) Concern for survival/growth/profits (the firm’s concern for financial soundness) Philosophy (the firm’s values, ethics, beliefs) Public image (contributions the firm makes to communities) Employees (the importance of managers and employees); Distinctive competence (how the firm is different or better than competitors). Compilation Logic: Variously referred to as statements of purpose, values statement, goals and strategies, corporate creed, corporate philosophy, and so on. (Leuthesser and Kohli (1997,). A mission statement is a clear definition of the mission and purpose of the organization, it may be referred to as the organization creed statement, statement of purpose, statement of general principles, statement of corporate intent or vision statement. † (Strong (1997, p. 269)) Strategic Intent: â€Å"Strategic intent captures the essence of winning† (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989, p. 64). An effective mission statement basically answers one question: How do we intend to win in this business? † Welch and Welch (2005, p. 14). Brief on the Model Vision Framework: In vision framework, a well-conceived vision consist of 2 major parts. Those are core ideology and envisioned future. The core ideology speaks about the purpose of the organization. It consists of explaining the character of the organization, what it stands for and why it exists. The 2 parts of core ideology are core values and core purpose. Core values are the principals of the organization and core purpose is the fundamental reason of the organization existence. The envisioned future is what the organization would like to achieve. Ahihridge model: In Ashridge model, the mission statement should consist not only the purpose but also the strategy, values and standards of behavior. The purpose in this context reflects as to who the organization is on business for. The strategy part speaks about the business logic on saying which business brings the competitive advantage while the values speak of the emotional and moral logics which eventually motivate the employees. The standards of behavior will convert the strategy and values into policies and guidelines. Liptons Model: Lipton’s model speaks of 3 components. Those are mission, strategy and culture. The mission specifies the fundamental and unique purpose of the business. The strategy is about how the mission can be achieved while obtaining the competitive advantage of the business. The culture is the part which describes the values, standards of behavior and leadership style of the organization Differences of 3 Model The â€Å"Ashridge† model emphasizes the importance of a â€Å"sense of mission† and Lipton talks about a â€Å"sense of vision. In both models can see purpose, strategy, values, and standards of behaviors. However the vision model comprises of vision and mission elaborated both other 2 models. The contents of those elements, however, are not always the same. Proposed Definition The proposed definition of mission statement should consist of 3 things. Those are, commitment to reflect authenticity of the mission, a significant value which is exciting and inspiring and a worthy cause for the members of the organization to embrace on. This new definition aims to provide benefits are individual and organization level. Two benefits can be derived and those are to create a clear focus for the employees and it helps organizations to make strategic decision in regards to resources which help the success of the business. Strength Drawback Analysis The variety of organizations’ mission statements is so wide that no single definition can possibly be exhaustive. There are authentic and fabricated mission statements, and not all existing varieties are necessarily authentic. This definition, by design, excludes all those varieties of mission statements that are not authentic, i. e.  that imply no particular choice. The proposed definition reverses the logic of compilation and synthesis in favor of a more focused approach. Evidently, a definition built on choice can never be exhaustive. Limitation Direction for future Research The paper, however, focusses mainly on content and does not thoroughly address the process of developing a mission and how this process relates to and influences the mission ’s content. This is a fruitful research opportunity. Observation Mission statement framework should include some components to measure the organizational outcomes.

The Knife :: essays research papers

It all started on a warm Saturday afternoon. My parents decided that we should go out on the boat that afternoon. So we changed into our swimsuits, got our beach towels, and finally piled into the van for the drive to the cabin. The cabin, where my grandparents live, is where we park our boat. Their house is about a mile from lock and dam fourteen on the Iowa side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My grandparents were away on a lustrous journey when we arrived. My dad went to fuel the boat, my mom loaded the boat with food for the day, and I went to go whittle on the roof of the garage. I went into the garage and got my filet knife out of my tackle box. Then went around to the back, climbed the fence, and got onto the roof. I had done this several times before and liked this place because it was serene and peaceful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I took a branch off the great oak tree that stood before me and began carving. Suddenly, the knife slipped off the fresh, smooth, moist wood and sliced into my leg for what seemed like an eternity. It hurt for what seemed like a decade, but was only a few seconds. After I realized what happened, I rushed down off the roof to get my mother. As I was climbing down from the roof, it began to pulse and hurt again. The wound was beginning to bleed profusely from the movement. Luckily, my mother was just leaving the house as I got down from the roof. â€Å"Mom, would you be mad if I cut myself?† Because of the blood on my finger, she thought I had cut my finger and needed a Band-Aid. â€Å"No, of course not, do you need a Band-Aid?† I then showed her the great gash on my leg. â€Å"Go into the house while I get your father!† I went inside and waited†¦ â€Å"Lie down on the floor while I get some towels to stop the bleeding,† he said calmly. With the bleeding under control he carried me to the van and rushed to the hospital emergency room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inside the emergency room, we waited for nearly an hour before seeing a doctor. Finally, we were escorted back by a nurse to see the doctor. Then after about another half-hour the doctor came in. The cut was about two and a half inches long and one inch deep, so it was a nice one as the doctor said.

Book Critique on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Dorothy lives in Kansas with her aunt, uncle, and dog, Toto. The entire house is swept away by a tornado from Kansas to the bright Land of Oz. She is met by the Munchkins and the Good Witch of the North. They are very happy because Dorothy’s house smashed the Wicked Witch of the East. The Good Witch gives Dorothy the dead witch's silver shoes. The only thing on Dorothy’s mind is getting back to Kansas, so the Witch of the East helps. Dorothy is sent down the yellow brick road to the City of Emeralds. Once she gets to the City of Emeralds, she is supposed to meet the Wizard of Oz, who should be able to help her get home. Along the journey, she meets the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion. Her three friends all have a need they would like to request from the Wizard. They continue their journey along the road. They encounter many adventures before and after visiting the Wizard. Once they all reach the Wizard of Oz, he sends them on a quest to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. Once they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, he will grant all of their wishes. In the end, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion accomplish a great role. They each are granted leadership of three different lands of Oz. The Scarecrow becomes the ruler of Emerald City, the Tin Woodman gets control over the former Wicked Witch of the West's domain, and the Lion is head over the animals in the woods. Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, shows Dorothy how to get home. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz begins in dark Kansas, and it quickly changes to the bright and colorful area of the Land of Oz. The things that happened in Kansas occurred in the late nineteenth century. This book is a political allegory. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz makes references to the following things in history: The Gilded Age, the Panic of 1893, Coxey’s Army, and the 1896 Election. Lyman Frank Baum wrote the Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In the Introduction to The Wizard of Oz, L. Frank Baum described healthy children as instinctively loving â€Å"fantastic, marvelous and manifestly unreal† stories. Baum wanted his stories to have a moral, and he liked the fairy tale format. He disagreed with the â€Å"heart-aches and nightmares† that their â€Å"horrible and bloodcurdling† events could bring on in children. Baum decided to modernize and update the fairy tale by combining moral with entertainment, â€Å"wonderment and joy. † Lyman Baum did not have a definite viewpoint. He wanted to entertain children with stories that had a moral and a point. He wrote the Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a fairytale political allegory, for example the yellow brick road represents the gold standard, and the silver shoes represent the sixteen to one silver ratio, and so on. This is a fictional book based on historical non fictional information. Baum represents the time period by the metaphors he uses throughout the book, like things referring to the Panic of 1893 and election of 1896. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz can teach many people about history. The book is in fairy tale style, but it has historical facts and references throughout the story. It definitely be applied to history, since it was written about history. For example, the Wicked Witch of the West refers to the actual west. Baum published this book in 1900, which is the time period that it deals with. The parts of the book about the yellow brick road will be stuck in my mind. I find this part very fascinating, because it refers to the demand for gold and the standards that were set for gold. The reason it will be in my mind is because once I read the book again, in the perspective of US History, I saw how everything was a metaphor for something in history. This amazes me, and the author was very creative to create a story so brilliantly planned. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz definitely helped me connect history to this fairy tale style of hidden history. This book is a classic because it brings history in a childhood favorite fairy tale book.

Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday

This article will show the differences in Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday We will attempt to show you the difference in raising children today from yesterday. This article will show how children are watched over more now as opposed to days gone by due to pedophiles and other issues. Children are not as free now as they once were. Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday Children today play video games, watch television or, if older, listen to music. Parents are afraid to let children out of their view due to pedophiles being so prevalent in today’s society. Children of yesterday would play outside with their friends, ride bikes, play marbles, or just socialize with their friends. Parents weren’t as concerned with what the children were doing as they were not likely to be in any jeopardy. Parents thought when a child was 12-13 they could watch their siblings while today’s parents choose to hire a babysitter to watch over their children when out. Even when parents go away for a trip they manage to check on the children daily since most cannot cook or take care of themselves.. When I raised my children, my son was able to cook, sew, wash dishes, laundry, and maintain a house, as well as his personal chores. His sister could dust, dishes, cook, laundry,, and more whereas today’s children are not able to function as they parents do not place responsibility on them as was done in prior years. I can remember some of the stories my father used to tell†¦one being delivering newspapers for spending money or to take a date out, etc. Children of yesteryear had a respect for their elder something today’s children do not possess or show. Today’s children want Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday everything handed to them and not to work for it as children did in the past.. In fact, today’s children demand things and children of yesterday managed to think about it and usually made arrangements to pay their parents back if they did not have enough to cover the item in question. I am certain that more could be said but anyone that raised children in the past as opposed to now knows the rigors of the differences in raising children.

Italian Adverbs of Manner - Avverbi di Modo

Italian Adverbs of Manner - Avverbi di Modo In English, adverbs of manner (avverbi di modo) are ones that end in -ly, like carefully or slowly. They indicate the way (the manner) in which an action takes place. Mia madre cucina egregiamente. - My mom cooks very well.La neve cade morbidamente sul davanzale della finestra. - The snow falls softly on the windowsill.Sono andato in fretta e furia dal dottore perchà ¨ non mi sentivo bene. - I hurried quickly to the doctor because I was not feeling well.Devi mescolare energicamente il composto prima di passare la teglia nel forno. - You must stir the mixture vigorously before transferring the pan to the oven. Which adverbs end in -mente? adverbs ending in -mente, which are the most numerous, and are formed by adding the suffix  to: The feminine form ending in -a: Alta- altamente high- highlyAspra- aspramente bitter- bitterlyCalorosa- calorosamente warm- warmlyOnesta- onestamente honest- honestly Adjectives ending in -e: Felice- felicemente happy- happilyForte- fortemente strong- stronglyLieve- lievemente slight- slightly NOTE: adjectives ending with the syllables -le and -re that are preceded by a vowel lose the final -e before adding the suffix -mente: Abile- abilmente skillful- skillfullyAgevole- agevolmente easy- easilyRegolare- regolarmente regular- regularly Adjectives ending in -lo: Benevolo- benevolmente kind- kindlyMalevolo- malevolmente spiteful- spitefully NOTE: the suffix -mente cannot be added to adjectives indicating color as well as a small number of other adjectives such as buono - good, cattivo - bad, giovane - young, vecchio - old. Adverbs ending with the suffix -oni, which is added to nouns and to forms derived from verbs: Ginocchio- ginocchioni knee- kneelingPenzolo- penzoloni bunch, cluster- hanging, danglingTastare- tastoni to feel, to probe- gropingly Adverbs which take the singular masculine form of certain aggettivi qualificativi (qualifying adjectives): Vederci chiaro - to see it clearlyCamminare piano - to walk slowlyParlare forte - to speak loudlyGuardare storto - to look askewRispondere giusto - to answer correctly Several adverbs, which are derived from Latin: Bene - wellMale - badlyMeglio - betterPeggio - worse Locuzioni avverbiali di modo (adverbs of manner idioms), of which there are several, including: allimpazzata - wildlya pià ¹ non posso - like crazya piedi - by footdi corsa - in a rushdi sicuro - surely, certainlydi solito - usuallyin fretta - quickly, fastin un batter docchio - in the blink of an eye The Origin of Adverbs of Manner An avverbio di modo that ends with the suffix -mente is derived from a Latin phrase consisting of an adjective and the noun mente: for example, the Latin devota mente means with devout intent, with devout feeling; sana mente means with sound purpose, with good purpose and so on. Over time the recurring use evolved; the second element of the phrase lost both its nominal quality as well as its semantic value and became a simple suffix. Thus was born the adverb: devotamente (devout), sanamente (soundly), fortemente (loudly). In any case, the adverb of manner maintains clear evidence of its former phrase state: the female gender of the adjective (devotamente, not devotomente, given that the Latin noun mente is feminine). Adverbs ending in -mente replaced vulgar Latin adverbs ending in -e and classical Latin adverbs ending in -iter: for example, devotamente substituted for the Latin devote, and solamente substituted for singulariter.

Colonization Within France Essays - Eugen Weber, Peasant

Colonization Within France Essays - Eugen Weber, Peasant Colonization within France Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press. 1976. The nineteenth century witnessed a massive amount of change on almost all levels. The birth of liberal democracy during the French Revolution continued to expand as the growing middle classes demanded more political power to be equal with the economic clout. Nationalism began to play a significant role in the way people and countries viewed themselves. The flourishing Industrial Revolution is what gave rise to the middle class as they were about to use the technological advances in transportation, communications, and the production of energy to enhance their position in society. While a growing number of people flocked to the cities in search of a better life, a substantial portion of the population remained in the countryside and isolated to the changes of the century. Eugen Weber states in his introduction how he had always been fascinated with how there existed two cultures within France during the last part of the nineteenth century, and the works which piqued this interest. In 1944 Roger Thabault wrote about the changes in culture and politics which occurred in several French villages from 1848 until 1914. Four years later Andr? Varagnac, a folklorist, shifted the emphasis from the villages to the countryside when he wrote about how the traditions of the peasants died and were not replaced during this same period. Eugen Weber attempts to combine the methodology of these two studies to illustrate how disconnected France was and through the modernization which occurred during the first forty-five years of the Third Republic that France truly became a unified nation. In the first section of the book Weber describes "the way things were" prior to 1870. Within these first eleven chapters Weber illustrates how these peasants did not speak French, were not aware of the metric system, still maintained their local currencies, and had little access to the world outside their village due to poor roads. Without such a commonality of language or systems Weber believes that it would be impossible to think that France, particularly the country side, had a national consciousness. For those city-dwellers who did venture into the hinterlands they looked at themselves as an explorer or missionary trying to tame a "country of savages". They were dismayed to find that there were still large parts of the country where French was not understood. It was widely believed that the peasants needed to become French. The next nine chapters contains the most important section of the book; Weber aims to show how the peasants were made into Frenchmen through modernization. Weber focuses on the triumvirate of expansion and improvement of roads, military service, and compulsory education as the primary "agencies of change". An extensive system had been in existence in France for quite some time, but in the period under study Weber explains that many of these roads did not reach the hinterlands. The new by-roads allowed for formally isolated areas, e.g. Brittany, to become physically connected with France. The humiliating defeat to the Prussians compelled the stricter enforcement of conscription into military service forced young men to learn French and come into contact with people from outside his region. As peasant children's attendance at school started to improve after the improvement of roads and the educational reforms of Jules Ferry were implemented during the 1880's they began to ! learn the French language of Paris and what it was to be French. While their parents would speak their patois, these regional languages would eventually diminish with them. In the final section of the book states that these regional languages and several other elements of peasant popular culture would become "changed and assimilated" into a greater French culture. The old traditions had changed. No longer was there an inherent fear of outsiders as the peasants began to see in the utility of them in aiding them with trade and industry. The old oral tradition of the veil?ethe time spent with the community between supper and bedtime working and keeping warmdied as the peasants moved into warmer homes and began to enjoy the privacy of the family. In his conclusion, Weber attempts to use his thesis for broader implications. Weber

What Do SAT Scores Measure IQ Income

What Do SAT Scores Measure IQ Income SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Everyone knows that scores on the SAT can make or break your college admissions chances, but can they measure your innate cognitive abilities? What do they really say about your potential? In this article, I'll tell you what SAT scores can and can't measure and provide advice about when you might use them to estimate your own capabilities. Do SAT Scores Measure Intelligence? There's a big debate about this, and the question depends on how you define intelligence. Scores on the SAT do correlate with scores on IQ tests and other standardized tests of intelligence. This is unsurprising considering that the SAT was originally derived from an IQ test for army recruits. SAT Scores Are More Variable Than "Innate Intelligence" Despite what some may argue, it is, in fact, possible to prepare for a standardized test like the SAT. At PrepScholar, we know firsthand that students can dramatically improve their SAT scores through dedicated studying. If a person has slightly above average intelligence, with enough preparation they should be able to get a very good or even perfect score on the SAT. Through extensive studying of question types, test content, and test format, you can do extremely well without being some kind of super genius. But isn't the decision to prep this extensively a demonstration of intelligence (and maturity and foresight) in itself? This is where it gets a little harder to make clear judgments. Who's "smarter"- the kid who prepared for 80 hours and raised his score from a 1100 to an 1500 or the kid who got an 1500 without any prep at all? It's likely that a traditional IQ test would say that the kid who didn't prepare has a higher IQ, but in terms of SAT scores (and in the eyes of colleges) the two students are equal. In this sense, you could argue that since students have the ability to prep for the SAT, it's a better measure of intelligence than traditional IQ tests. The score is a result of innate intelligence and perseverance. Two people can get the same score while possessing different amounts of each quality. If we're talking about innate intelligence alone, the SAT doesn't necessarily measure accurately. If we're talking about a combination of innate intelligence and the determination that allows students to succeed in school, it may be a better metric. The brain is a complicated place. And clearly this artist is biased towards the right brain even though the whole idea of people being right or left brained is bogus. It's Not Quite That Simple, Though- There Are Other Reasons Why The SAT Isn't an Ideal Measure of Intelligence The SAT would do a better job of measuring academic ability and intelligence if high schools across the country were all equivalent in their funding and quality, but that isn't the case. Students have different educational backgrounds, and this strongly affects performance on the SAT. Many students may have strong combinations of innate intelligence and perseverance but are unable to utilize these qualities to do well on the SAT due to circumstances beyond their control. These students might lack the extra time they need to prep, or they might not even know how to begin the prep process because their schooling so far has been low quality. For wealthy students who grow up in a good educational system with a supportive family, it's much easier to bring out the qualities and knowledge that will allow them to succeed on the SAT. With parental pressure and monetary support, these students are more likely to enroll in prep programs and get the added benefits of this instruction on top of their already high-quality high school education. The cards are stacked in favor of these types of students even if they are of average intelligence. So it's complicated. On the one hand, yes, SAT results can measure some degree of intelligence and academic ability. On the other hand, in some cases the SAT is not an appropriate way to judge someone's intelligence because of other obstacles they've had to face. The gap between the SAT scores of rich and poor students is a very real thing. The SAT Is Still a Pretty Good Predictor of College Academic Success Students who score highly on the SAT either prep extensively or are intelligent and well-educated enough in the first place to get a good score without preparation. Students who do well on the SAT are probably more prepared for college in general, but this is different from them being objectively "smarter." Of course, every test has its problems, and the SAT certainly is flawed, but many of its shortcomings in measuring student ability and intelligence are due to societal factors beyond the control of the makers of the test. You could argue that the continued use of the test perpetuates these problems, but that's a discussion for another article! Then again, is anyone ever prepared for stuff like whatever this is? Do SAT Scores Measure Career Potential? Different people arrive at their scores on the SAT in different ways (as discussed in the previous section), so it's tough to make these types of blanket judgments. One thing we do know is that SAT scores correlate with parental income. If by "career potential" we mean higher income, then yes, SAT scores can roughly measure the likelihood that a student will end up earning a high income as an adult. Students who earn high SAT scores are more likely to have parents who can support them in college and help them connect with more job opportunities in lucrative fields. The SAT does help provide some poor students with more opportunities to attend college, but it can also contribute to keeping people where they are on the economic ladder. As I've said, though, there are far more complex and deep-rooted societal forces at play here than standardized testing. The SAT can measure career potential to a very limited degree, but there are so many other factors that exist in the job market that nothing is set in stone. The skills you'll need to do well in a job may be very different than the skills you needed to do well on the SAT. Since the SAT tests knowledge of relatively simple concepts and ideas, it may not be the best predictor of whether someone will do well in an advanced job that requires a lot of specialized knowledge. It also won't be able to measure a person's emotional intelligence and ability to manage others, which are key factors in determining whether someone will advance in most job fields. The revised 2016 SAT represents an effort by the College Board to remedy these issues with the test. The goal of the current format is to test material in a way that makes more practical sense and considers the skills that students will actually need upon entering the job world. Setting aside the extra features of the latest version of the SAT, judgments of career potential need to take education level and major type into account. On average, STEM majors make more money than humanities majors even if both students have equal test scores and equal overall intelligence. If you plan to use your SAT scores to judge whether you'll succeed in a career field in the future, you should think twice. There are many other factors, including your specific career interests, the amount of prep time you put into the SAT, and the educational experience you had in high school that may make your scores more or less indicative of your potential. If you work hard, you too can have a career in jumping up to progressively higher orange rectangles. This guy is really living the dream. What Will Your SAT Scores Really Tell You? Should You Listen? Is it useful for you to judge yourself based on the results of a standardized test? In some cases yes, and in other cases definitely not. SAT Scores Are a More Useful Measurement If: You're Planning to Apply to Colleges That Require Standardized Test Scores If the colleges where you're applying consider SAT scores in their admissions decisions, you'll have to make judgments about where to apply based on your performance. Your SAT scores will help you estimate your admissions chances at different colleges. After comparing them to the statistics, you can set logical improvement goals or make an informed choice not to waste time applying to schools that are too selective based on their average score ranges. You Have a Low GPA If you have a low GPA, you should take your SAT scores more seriously as a measurement of your ability. High scores can make a big impact on your chances of college admission even if your overall performance in high school wasn't great. If you earn high scores with a low GPA, your scores might also compel you to think more critically about why you're doing poorly in school. High scores might indicate that your academic potential is greater than you thought. Your Scores Are Especially High or Low If you have extreme SAT scores (outside the average range of 1000-1100), they may be a more useful measurement of your abilities. If your score is lower than 1000, consider whether you have any major knowledge gaps you need to address that might cause you problems later in college. If your score is higher than 1100, you can assume that you have fairly strong reasoning abilities and knowledge of basic high school subject matter. If your scores are XTREME, you should pay more attention to them. SAT Scores Are a Less Useful Measurement If: You Plan on Applying to Test Optional Colleges If you're planning on applying to colleges that don't require you to submit SAT scores, there's no need to consider the SAT as a measurement of your ability. You don't have to show your scores to these colleges if you choose not to, so your performance won't impact your chances of admission negatively. You Have a High GPA If you have a high GPA, your SAT score is a less critical measurement in the college application process. It's still important if you want to attend competitive schools, but you have the option of applying to test optional colleges or less competitive schools where your high GPA will be enough to prove your academic qualifications. When I say a "high GPA," I mean any GPA that indicates that you've earned mostly As in challenging classes. This could be anywhere from a 3.7 to a 5.0 depending on whether your school uses a weighted or unweighted GPA scale. Even if you have an SAT score that's not stellar, you'll most likely be able to get into college based on your high GPA. You may still have some trouble if your SAT score is below average (lower than 1000). However, if you have a low SAT score and a high GPA, this might mean that the SAT isn't a useful way for you to measure your academic abilities. The Bottom Line: Don't Judge Yourself too Harshly Based on Your SAT Scores SAT scores represent a limited measurement of cognitive abilities. They can vary greatly based on each student's level of preparation and high school experiences. You should pay attention to scores that are especially low or high so you're aware of your strengths and shortcomings in the context of the material that's being tested, but don't let your SAT scores completely dictate judgments about your potential. If you're really concerned about your scores, you can improve them by following a focused study plan! What's Next? Not sure whether your SAT score is "good enough"? Read my article on the different ways you might define a good SAT score based on your personal goals. If you're trying to raise your scores, check out these 15 tips that will help you do better on the SAT without too much extra studying. If you've taken the SAT multiple times, you might not be sure which score will be the most relevant when applying to college. Find out which SAT scores colleges will look at when judging your application. 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Violence in Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violence in Community - Essay Example The third need wold be the need for love and belongingness, followed by that of self-esteem and ego (Simmons, Irwin, & Drinnien, 1987). Last in this hierarchy described by Maslow would be self-actualization, which is only achieved after all the previous needs have been met. The need for security and safety hence comes around when the physiological needs are met to a certain degree. At this point, Maslow describes man as a safety-seeking mechanism, whose outlook in life and the world, both for the present and the future, is greatly influenced by this prominent need (Maslow, 1943, p.375). Given that the physiological needs have been met, the need for safety and security of a person in his own community is vital for an individual to then fulfill his love and belonging needs. Thus, when there is violence in a community, and a person is not confident of his own safety, then the actualization of the higher needs is hindered. Violence in a community especially that among youths can be lessened by implementing community health interventions that aims to reduce the prevalence of its causes such as alcoholism, drug addiction, the availability of guns, poverty, lack of proper education, and the list goes on. If these interventions are successful in their goals, an individual can then focus on achieving needs of love and belonging, as other needs tend to become non-existent as long as a prevailing need is not met (Maslow, 1943). Violence in the Community Violence has been prevalent since probably the beginning of time and has presented a big part in the history of the world. Every year, more than a million people die violence-related deaths, and a lot more endure physical, emotional, sexual, and psychological injuries from self-inflicted, interpersonal, and collective violence (Krug et al., 2002). Violence is "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation" as defined by the World Health Organization (Krug et al., 2002). The term intentional suggests that a person committing the act of violence is knowingly carries out this act and is conscious of the results of the act. There are many forms of violence. The World Health Organization has subdivided violence into three typologies: self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence (Krug et al., 2002). However, for the purpose of this paper, focus will be given to the typology of interpersonal violence, which is defined by WHO as "violence between individuals, that is subdivided into family and intimate partner violence and community violence. The former category includes child maltreatment; intimate partner violence; and elder abuse, while the latter is broken down into acquaintance and stranger violence and includes youth violence; assault by strangers; violence related to property crimes; and violence in workplaces and other institutions." (Krug et al., 2002) Although the crime rate in America has already decreased over the past decades, the rates remain significantly high (Berman, Silverman, & Kurtines, 2000). In a study conducted by Berman, Silverman, and Kurtines, it has been revealed that in the children between first and second grade have already either been victims of violence (21%) or have been

Jehovah Witnesses Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jehovah Witnesses Religion - Research Paper Example The first misconception that I had about Jehovah’s Witness congregation members is that they were forced to knock on people’s doors and witness to them all of the time. This always gave me the impression that they were very aggressive individuals. I do not mind meeting with people in my home to talk about my religious beliefs. Evangelical groups and Mormon missionaries have often visited me. I don’t know if it is simply a matter of style or what, but the Jehovah’s Witness members that I would meet with always seemed tense and ready to argue. I was told that this is the case because they are required to spend a set quota of time each week knocking on people’s doors, distributing the Watchtower magazine and trying to convert people into Jehovah’s Witnesses. My research into this religion showed me that Jehovah’s Witnesses are not required to knock on doors. They do it out of a motivation to spread the Gospel of Jesus, as they understand it. There are no quotas as to the amount of time a person needs to spend in this type of activity but the Jehovah’s Witnesses do make it clear that witnessing as an expected part of the religion, be it door-to-door or otherwise. I understand more fully now the doctrine and motivation that inspire Jehovah’s Witnesses to do what they do. The second coming of Jesus is central to their theology. They really believe that they need to get the word our now before it is too late. What I also learned from my research is the fact that when a special conference is planned, Jehovah’s Witnesses from surrounding areas will concentrate their efforts in order to try to convince people in the community to attend the conference (Byrd, 2011). My prior understanding of this religion was altered through this experience in several ways. First of all, I have a greater respect for the adherents of this religion. Through a greater understanding of their doctrine and after having met with several of them, I can see that my biggest misunderstanding was their motivation for door-to-door meetings. My early assumption was that no one would ever choose to do something like that unless they were compelled to do it. I believe d in all of the rumors I had heard concerning quotas and that they would lose their chosen spot in heaven if they did not go out to try and sell the Watchtower magazine. My research helped me to see past these misconceptions and to view members of the Jehovah’s Witness church in a new light. Instead of seeing aggressive people that were knocking on my door because church leaders compelled them, I now see dedicated individuals committed to living their religion as best they can. This change has been brought about by thorough independent research and meeting with Jehovah’s Witnesses so I could get to know them. What has not changed as a result of my research, however, is the difficulty I have concerning several specific points of doctrine. The preoccupation with the return of Jesus is something that I understood the Jehovah’s Witnesses had going into the research. Their peculiar beliefs concerning the 144,000 chosen to live with God and the evolution of the Earth into a place like the Garden of Eden do not endear me to their religion. Nor does the fact that predictions have been made in year’s past about the coming of Jesus that have been proven false or have been rationalized by saying that the return was â€Å"secret† in some way (What†¦, 2008). The best way to sum up how this experience has altered my prior understanding of the Jehovah’s Witnesses would be to say that I have a greater respect for them as people and adherents of a faith, but even more questions and reservations

Compare and contrast the classical and Keynesian theory of Essay

Compare and contrast the classical and Keynesian theory of unemployment. Conclude by discussing which argument has been more convincing for you and why - Essay Example A lower wage rate will lead to an increase in the number of workers being employed and the vice versa. Unemployment occurs when there is excess supply of workers in the market at a particular wage level. The equilibrium level of the demand and supply for labour is established after the unemployed workers accept lower wages. The full employment level is associated with the equilibrium level in the labour market (Blanchard, 2005). Unemployment occurs when the wage level is above the equilibrium wage; hence, leading to a higher labour compared to the quantity being demanded in the market. As a result, unemployment can be classified as the difference between the supply and the demand. The flexibility of the wages has a direct effect on the level of unemployment. A decrease in the demand for a product will lead to a decrease in the demand for labour; hence, leading to high levels of unemployment. Consequently, the wage rate will fall but competition between the workers will cause them to accept the low wages; therefore, leading to a new equilibrium state. The theory explains a situation where low wage rates do not result to higher employment levels due to the employers are facing low demand for services and goods when the economy is in a recession (Phoa, Focardi and Fabozzi, 2007). The aggregate demand is the main determinant of the level of economic outputs during recessions. However, it does not have an equal effect on the productive ability off the economy but is influenced by certain determinants such as inflation and employment rates. According to the Keynesian theory, the changes in aggregate demand have short run effects on employment and output unlike in the prices. The unemployment occurs when the aggregate demand function intersects the aggregate supply function since the economy cannot experience a full employment level. The theory states that the government can use public investment programs to raise the aggregate

Structural equation modeling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Structural equation modeling - Research Paper Example In addition, the SEM holds the capability to test models with multiple dependent variables. It also holds the capability to model mediators and residuals. It is essential to consider here that since the model and data have been given prior to the assignment, only model testing, results and interpretation shall seek the attention of performance here. The data therefore shall be put in the Amos software and the model shall be tested to obtain the results. The results obtained can be utilized for the modification of the model. However, it is essential to consider here that a change can result in a change in model's meaning. It is therefore essential to consider whether or not the changes hold consistency with the theory. If the results reveal the need for change in the model then it should be done. However, since theory was not provided for the practical assignment, the changes should be performed in the light of cautious steps. The essential task is to find out as to what extent does the independent variable (reputation, skill, information exchange, power and flexibility) predict trust (independent variable). In addition, it is also required to find whether or not trust is a mediator to long-term orientation. It is important to note that all the variables have been presented in an oral shape in the figure above. The oral shape on the variables represents the fact that they are latent variables. Since all the variables were provided in the data set, it can be assumed that these were provided on the basis of factor scores and therefore these variables no longer remains latent variables, but become observed variables. Therefore one should conceptualize them as observable variables from this point of time. The presented model above has no covariance shown between the five independent variables. Since the task of assignment is to specify that the above model is based on covariance, there exists a dominant need to add bi-directional arrows between the five independent variables. It is important to note here that the five independent variables are exogenous because they have no prior casual variable. In addition, it is essential to understand that trust is a mediating variable and is an effect of other five mentioned exogenous variables, and it results in long-term orientation, a dependent variable. It is essential to note here that both trust and long-term orientation are endogenous variables. The model shows no residuals, so they are required to be allocated to endogenous variables. This is because the residuals are unobserved and thus have to be depicted as ovals. Normality and sample size Evaluation of absolute model fit can be done by means of probability of chi-square test. However, it is important to consider here that the probability of chi-square test if highly sensitive to both sample size and non-normality in distribution of variables. It is therefore essential to find out whether or not the variables are distributed in normal patter

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

Journal - Essay Example I took part in the creation of an effective campaign process that entailed the creation of posters and placing them strategically. â€Å"Leadership plays a huge role in improving organizational policies and protocols.† (Stevens & Cooper, 2009). Besides the intense teamwork, I spared time to proof read my project in readiness for submission. The week presented various value addition opportunities as I met preceptor with who I shared vital information on various discourses in the nursing profession (Budd, 2002). I attended yet another leadership meeting where I interacted with various departmental leaders. Furthermore, I continued working on the awareness raising exercise and saved time to polish my DNP project. I spent time working on the awareness creation project. Working with a teammate, we visited hospitals and clinics creating awareness and encouraging hand washing among other hygiene behavior (Baldwin, 1977). I learnt numerous interpersonal skills besides the ethics necessary in maintaining successful and efficient teams. Additionally, I saved time to work on my

Summary of thr research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of thr research paper - Essay Example The conceptual framework was specifically disclosed as accurately pinpointing that structures from a supposedly identified array of 3 nanometer diameter vertical pillars, reported on six nanometer pitch can allegedly be fabricated, but clearly classified as unmanufacturable (Kelly, 2011). As expounded: â€Å"the assertion is that the resulting array is not able to be reproduced to give electronic or optical properties that are within a narrow range of pre-specified values† (Kelly, 2011, p. 1). Two evidences were apparently provided in two stages, to wit: â€Å"(a) the intrinsic variability of the cross section of the pillars and then (b) the implications of this variability on the optical and electronic properties† (Kelly, 2011, p. 1). Kelly explained two ways of making the pillars by either â€Å"using metal particle catalyst to grow the pillars or infilling lithographically defined holes in a resist layer† (Kelly, 2011, p. 1). Technical descriptions of expoundi ng on the two processes were provided in detail. As such, the author disclosed that after justifying that the 3 nanometer (nm) diameter vertical pillars could not be manufactured, there were ten enumerated implications of this outcome, as summarized herewith: (3) There were indicated range levels specifying the appropriate interface which considers a structural specification as either manufacturable or unmanufacturable, which was disclosed to be within the 7 nm design rules; (6) â€Å"Arrays of quantum dots, single-electron tunnel junction transistors, split-gate transistors, carbon nanotubes, etc, can always be used for their aggregate or averaged properties, but not as elements in any form of pixelated array† (Kelly, 2011, p.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

Journal - Essay Example I took part in the creation of an effective campaign process that entailed the creation of posters and placing them strategically. â€Å"Leadership plays a huge role in improving organizational policies and protocols.† (Stevens & Cooper, 2009). Besides the intense teamwork, I spared time to proof read my project in readiness for submission. The week presented various value addition opportunities as I met preceptor with who I shared vital information on various discourses in the nursing profession (Budd, 2002). I attended yet another leadership meeting where I interacted with various departmental leaders. Furthermore, I continued working on the awareness raising exercise and saved time to polish my DNP project. I spent time working on the awareness creation project. Working with a teammate, we visited hospitals and clinics creating awareness and encouraging hand washing among other hygiene behavior (Baldwin, 1977). I learnt numerous interpersonal skills besides the ethics necessary in maintaining successful and efficient teams. Additionally, I saved time to work on my

Accounting fraud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting fraud - Research Paper Example This paper identifies research problem and purpose in a research paper, aligns the problem and purpose to identify strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods and case study design, and justifies selection of qualitative methods and the case study design over other research methods and designs. Overview of the research problem and purpose Fraud, a deception or misrepresentation that aims at deriving unauthorized gain, is a common phenomenon in organizations and has extensive effects on different stakeholders. Examples of fraud include employee embezzlement, vendor fraud, customer fraud, and management fraud including financial statement fraud (Albrecht et al, 2012). Prevention is the most economical approach to managing fraud but limited research has been conducted on the best technique for preventing fraud besides rule-based-strategies. Sufficient research has however been done on other control measures such as auditing. Lack of empirical findings on fraud prevention st rategies is therefore the research problem with focus on in-house data forensic and developing an understanding on the factors affecting in house data forensic is the research’s purpose. Alignment of the research problem, purpose The research problem and purpose can be explored through qualitative research methods and case study design. ... One of the characteristics of qualitative research is its flexibility that allows for adequate alternatives to exploration. Its methodology allows for development of designs, procedures, and data collection strategies within research processes, a property that maximizes data utility because suitable and adequate data is collected for research. The research method also focuses data interpretation and therefore relies on few variables for specific purpose. It is therefore able to overcome limitation of data on variables and develop meaning on a problem. Another feature of the qualitative approach, based on Academic Conferences, is its objective of a comprehensive and informed description of a subject. The aim of the study, being an understanding of in-house data forensic therefore identify this property’s significance because a complete definition of the forensic approach and description of its features and factors around it will inform of its potential challenges and optimal ap plication in fraud prevention. A qualitative researcher do not need much information prior to research and this not only identify ease of implementation but establishes a strength in research fields that have not been explored and therefore lack sufficient background information. The researcher is also able to approach the study from a neutral perspective because of lack of pre-emption (Academic Conferences, 2010). Flexibility is also strength of the method, also though it is also a characteristic feature. Selected research design can be reviewed at any stage of the research process to facilitate the objectives. Flexibility also allows the method to adjust to challenges that may emerge during a research process or dynamism

Cooking - Sauce Essay Example for Free

Cooking Sauce Essay Choose the most appropriate answer for each question.Shade your choice on the Objective Answer Sheet. 1. Egg whites will whip up into a better foam if a) they are at room temperature b) they are well chilled c) they have small amount of baking soda added to them d) they have small amount of oil added to them 2. Which of the following combination is incorrect ? a) Cinnamon-bank b) Cumin-seed c) Marjoram-root d) Clove-bud 3. Potato is a a) starch b) vegetables c) both a and b d) neither a nor b 4. Which of the following terms is associated with broiling? a) low heat b) tender food items c) slow d) all of the above 5. Deglazing takes place after a) broiling b) grilling c) deep-frying d) sautà ©ing 6. Which of the following might produce a cloudy stock? a) Using the fresh bone b) Covering the pot c) Skimming frequently d) Simmering gently 7. ____________are made from forcemeats of poultry or game wrapped in the skin of the bird and poached in an appropriate stock. a) Quenelles b) Pate c) Terrine d) Gelatine 8. When making mayonnaise,it is essential to ____________. a) Beat the egg yolks well in a bowl b) Have all the ingredients as cold as possible c) Use highly flavoured ingredients d) Add the boil all at once 9. The_________ of a slice of meat determines its cooking time. a) thickness b) grade c) weight d) age 10. Which of the following thick soups are most likely to contain seafood? a) cream soup b) purees c) bisque d) potages 11. Vegetables are least likely to be__________ . a) poached b) braised c) boiled d) deep fried 12. _________ can protect a roast from drying while cooking. a) cooking it fat side up b) barding c) larding d) all of the above 13. To make a white roux with 250gm of butter,you will need a) 500 ml cornstarch b) 125 gm flour c) 250 ml flour d) 250 gm flour e) 14. Which of the following is not a function of fats in baked goods? a) to give firmness to the structure b) to add moistness c) to give crust color d) to increase product qualities 15. Artichokes and asparagus are considered as a) cabbage family b) shoots c) leafy vegetables d) onion family 16. A liaison is added to a sauce __________. a) at any time during cooking b) at the beginning of cooking c) just before the sauce is reduced d) at the end of cooking 17. Which of the following is least likely to be found in a sachet? a) bay leaf b) garlic c) peppercorn d) dried thyme 18. A prawn is a ___________. a) large shrimp b) green shrimp c) crustacean d) both a and c 19. Which of the following would generally not to be served with fish a) caper sauce b) lemon butter sauce c) demi glace d) tartare sauce 20. Which is the best answer that describes the effects of heat to food composition i. Proteins coagulate ii. Sugar caramelize iii. Water evaporates iv. Fat solidify v. Starches gelatinized a) i only b) i and ii only c) i,ii,iii and v d) all the above PART B TRUE AND FALSE Shade the letter ‘T’ if the statement is True and ‘F’ if the statement is False on the True/False Answer Sheet. 1. Bones that are exposed to air during cooking will turn dark and this will discolour the stock. 2. Broth and bouillon refer to simple,clear soups without solid ingredients. 3. Low temperature produces the best cooked eggs. 4. Yeast is a non living microscopic plant. 5. A heavy whipping cream has a fat content between 36%-40%. 6. In standard breading procedure moist items should be held longer before to extract moisture. 7. Red snapper is a type of fresh water fish. 8. Hard cheeses,such as parmesan can be grated easily. 9. A squab is a young pigeon with light and tender meat. 10. Marbling separates muscle fibers making them easier to chew. 11. The market form of whole fish usually has had the viscera removed. 12. All kind of scraps can be used in stocks at all time with no exception. 13. Rigor mortises is the stiffness in an animals muscles,due to chemical changes in the flesh. 14. The compound that colors red vegetables red is carotenoids. 15. The neck and back of a chicken is the best bones for stock making. 16. A classical Tomato Sauce is made with roux. 17. In order to obtain the maximum volume from whipped eggs white,all traces of fat must be eliminated. 18. The term dressing also refers to â€Å"food stuff† that is baked separately. 19. The chef cold larder supervises the cold meat department and breading of meats,fish and seafood. 20. Whole spices take shorter time to release its flavour. PART D SHORT ESSAY Answer ALL questions. QUESTION 1 Explain why sauces that are finished with butter must be served immediately. The sauce should then be served immediately if it is allowed to stand,the butter may separate. QUESTION 2 Name and explain the three(3) ingredients that made up a sauce. -A liquid ,which is the body of the sauce. -A thickening agent -An additional seasoning and flavouring ingredients. QUESTION 3 Names the five(5) important parts of meat tenderloin and briefly describe the characteristics of the meat. 1-chateaubriand 2-fillets 3-tornedos 4-fillet migaou 5-goulash QUESTION 4 Give the definitions of herbs and spices.Name four(4) spices and four(4) herbs that are commonly used in cookery. Herbs are the leaves of certain plants used in flavouring.The examples of herbs are thymes,bay leaves,rosemary and basil. Spices are any part of plant,other than that,the leaves used in flavouring.The examples of spices are celery seeds,cumin seeds,caraway seeds and cloves. QUESTION 5 List the four(4) basic ingredients of clear meat. i. Lean ground meat ii. Egg white iii. Mirepoix iv. Acid ingredients QUESTION 6 What is different between marbling and barding? Marbling is fat deposited within muscle tissue while barding is tying slices of fat over the surface of meat to protect them while roasting.

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4)

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4) 1.1 INTRODUCTION: The naturally occurring ferrite is the ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) as â€Å"Load stone†. In early days it was called as ferromagnetic material. L.Neel, tells us that these materials are â€Å"ferromagnetic† material due to uncompensated anti parallel spin arrangement. Due to interesting intrinsic properties magnetic materials are classified into Ferromagnetic materials, Ferrites. In last decades , in the field of the ferrites expensive development was done by many contributors and found to be technically, commercially useful magnetic material. These materials are at high frequencies, high electrical resistivity of magnetic temperature coefficient of resistance along with low magnetic loss. Basically, Ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) consist double oxides FeO and Fe2O3 . The properties of these materials are alter by substituting divalent iron ion by divalent cation like Cd2+,Mg2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+ etc. from transition element. The spinel ferrites are represented as MFe2O4, where M is divalent cations. The magnetic properties are significantly improved by substituting trivalent iron ion by Al3+,Cr3+,Mn4+, Ti4+,Sn4+, Gd3+,Nd3+ etc. for particular applications because of their interesting magnetic and electrical properties with chemical and thermal stabilities[Gadkari A.B et.al. (2010)]. The applications of these materials in fields like electrical components, memory devices, microwave devices telecommunications, electronic industries, dada storage, data processing due to its high resistivity and low power losses. [Ernst Schloeman et al. (2000)] Ferrites are of two type’s,one is hard ferrite and other is soft ferrite. The material which are easily magnetized and demagnetized, it is called soft magnetic material .That means, it can store or transfer magnetic energy in alternating or other changing wave forms. The ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths materials shows a unique magnetic behavior. All the magnetic moments of the individual ions or atoms are aligned parallel to some particular direction and the unpaired electron spins line up parallel with each other in the ferromagnetic material. The region in which magnetic dipoles align parallel to each other is called a domain. The structural properties of ferrite are very important. The structural properties of ferrites mainly depends on the manufacturing process of ferrite[Mangalaraja R.V. et al. (2003)]. In fundamental science, magnetic spinel ferrites are of great importance. They are useful especially for find out the fundamental relationship between magnetic properties and their crystalchemistry and structure [ Kalonji G.et.al.(1999)]. They find extensive applications in microwave devices, radar, digital recording, ferrofluids, catalysis and magnetic refrigeration systems [Horvath M.P. et.al. (2007)]. For the spinel ferrite the general formula is AB2O4and it is consisting of an almost perfect cubic closed packed oxygen arrangement, with the cations residing on tetrahedral and octahedralinterstices. Nowadays, magnetic materials are used in various fields. The soft magnetic materials can be attracted to a permanent magnet and the hard magnetic materials become a permanent magnet. In case of soft magnetic materials, the large magnetic fields cannot be generated to the outside but in hard magnetic materials it generates magnetic fields. The magnetic materials like iron, cobalt and nickel ordinarily reveal prominent magnetic property. In industry, the ferromagnetic materials are widely used. In case of metal and alloy magnetic materials, due to their lower electrical resistivity the initial permeability and magnetic flux density is high and loss in eddy current is large at high frequencies. Nowadays, high-frequency characteristics are more useful, so this is occurred in ferrites which is multiplying the thin films. Due to higher electrical resistivity, the soft ferrites has excellent characteristics at high frequency. They are abundantly used for inductors or core materials of trans former. The hard ferrite is also used abundantly as permanent magnets for speakers and motors. The soft ferrite is used into an alternating magnetic field. Ferrites are chemical compounds. They are composed of a ceramic material along with iron oxide as their main component. The magnetic property of the ferrite is due the structure and the arrangement of the ions in the sub lattice. 1.2 SPINEL COMPOUNDS The word spinel which is derived from Italian spinella, diminutive of spine, thorn (from its sharply pointed crystals). In the cubic system, Spinel crystallizes forming octahedral crystals. In spinel super group there are at least 30 oxide minerals included. The majority of spinel compounds belongs to the space group Fd3m. The formula for the principal member of the group has, AB2O4; out of which ‘A’ is a divalent metal ion such as magnesium, iron, nickel, manganese and zinc. The ‘B’ is trivalent metal ions such as aluminium, iron, chromium and/or manganese. Also, titanium Ti4+ and Pb2+ etc. may occupy this site. The solid solutioning which is common process in this group of minerals that means they may contain certain percentages of different ions in any particular specimen [Adams, D. M (1974)]. The oxygen ions are mostly larger than the metallic ions and the spinel structure can be formed by a cubic close packing of O2- ions, in most oxide structures in wh ich the cations (e.g. Co2+, Fe3+) occupy certain interstices. So, the structure of a spinel compound and the highly symmetric structure of diamond is same. The position of the A ions and the positions of carbon atoms occupied in the diamond structure is identical. In this group this could discuss the relatively high hardness and high density. The arrangement in the structure of the other ions shows the symmetry just like diamond structure. This arrangement of the ions verifies the octahedral crystal structure which is the predominant crystal form and also the trademark of the spinels. Now a day, there are well over a hundred compounds are reported of the spinel structure. Most of them are oxides, sulphides, selenides and tellurides and some are halides. There are different cations may be introduced into the spinel structure and several charge combinations are possible, therefore, almost any combination that added and balances eight positive charges of anionic charges [Smyth,D.M.(200 0)],for example Co2+Fe23+O4, Mg22+Ti4+O4, Li1+Al3+Ti4+O4, Li0.51+Al2.53+O4 and Na21+W6+O4, etc. In oxide spinels, there are two types of cations which do not differ in size greatly because the spinel structure is stable only when the cations are rather medium sized and also the radii of the different ionic species in the same compound must be nearly equal. Therefore, similar cation combinations occur in sulphides, e.g. Zn2+Al23+S4 and Cu22+Sn4+S4. Hence, in halide spinels e.g. Li21+Ni3+F4 and Li1+Mn23+/ 4+F4 in which cations are limited to charges of plus 1 and plus 2, give an overall cation: anion ratio of 3 as 4. Most spinels divided into three series determined by a B metal represent aluminate series with Al3+ (Hercynite, Gahnite, Galaxite); a magnetite series with Fe3+ (Magnetite,Magnesioferrite, Franklinite); the chromite series with Cr3+ (Chromite, Magnesiochromite). There is extensive cationic exchange (solid solution) within each series but very little between the series [King, R. J (2004)]. These spinels are classified on the basis of the distribution of cations in the two principal sites which are tetrahedral site (T-) and octahedral site (O-) [West, A. R. (1989)], into three types. 1.2.1 NORMAL SPINEL In normal spinel A (BB) O4, all the divalent (A) cations placed on the tetrahedral (T-) sites and the trivalent (B) cations present on the octahedral (O-) sites. Which can be shown by the formula [A]tet [B2]oct O4. The examples of normal spinel are MgO.Al2O3 = MgAl2O4 (normal, parent mineral) ZnO.Fe2O3 = ZnFe2O4 (normal) FeO.Al2O3 = FeAl2O4 (normal) CoO.Al2O3 = CoAl2O4 (normal) MnO.Al2O3 = MnAl2O4 (normal) NiO.Al2O3 = NiAl2O4 - (normal) 1.2.2 INVERSE SPINEL The inverse spinel, B (AB) O4, the divalent cations occupying on the O-sites and the trivalent cations which are equally divided among the T- and remaining other on O-sites. Which can be represented by formula, [B]tet [A, B]oct O4. The CoFe2O4 is conformably an inverse spinel with a formula; CoxFe1-x (Co1-xFe1+x) O4(with x 0) where x represents the cation distribution factor which discuss the fraction of tetrahedral sites occupied by Co2+ cations [Guire, M. R.D (1989)]. CoO.Fe2O3 = FeCoFeO4 (inverse) NiO.Fe2O3 = FeNiFeO4 - (inverse) MgO.Fe2O3 = FeMgFeO4 (inverse) 1.2.3 RANDOM SPINEL It has an intermediate cation distribution, represented as [B0.67 A0.33]tet [A0.67B1.33]octO4. In this elementary unit cell of spinel structure consists eight tetrahedral and sixteen octahedral sites which are occupied by metal ions and the extreme cases, represent completely normal and inverse spinel, Therefore, the general cation distribution can be represented as [ M(2)iq+M(1)1-ip+]AIV [M(1)p+i/2 M(2)(2-i)/2q+]2BvI O4 where M+(1)p+ and M(2)q+ are the minority and majority cations respectively. Hence, the first quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of A-sites (coordination number of four (IV)) and the second quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of B-sites (coordination number of six (VI)). The inversion parameter ÃŽ ³, shows the fraction of A-sites acquired by majority ions.

Graduation Speech: What Lies Ahead :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I cried on my 18th Birthday. I cried because to me it signified that my childhood was over -- That I would never be able to relive some of the greatest moments of my life. I remember that day after school I was talking to one of my good friends, Betty Lou, and I mentioned to her how sad it was that we would all soon be leaving County HIgh. Betty smiled and looked at me and said, "But there is so much more in store for us ahead." Last October I was sitting in Mr. Fooler's British Literature class and he had us read this poem by Louis MacNiece: Birds flitting in and out of the barn Bring back an Anglo-Saxon story: The great wooden hall with the long fires down the center, Their feet in the rushes their hands tearing the meat. Suddenly high above them they notice a swallow enter from the black storm and zigzag over their heads Then out once more into the unknown night; And that, someone remarks is the life of man. As that poem had compared life to that of the flight of a swallow that enters a room, stays shortly and leaves, our teacher wanted each of us students to come up with their own analogy "What Life Is Like!" Life is Like a flower, which sprouts, and blooms, and finally withers with age. Life is Like a candle, which sparks, flickers briefly, then fades. Life is like a box of chocolates! you never know what you're going to get. Life is like a poker game, each person is dealt different circumstances and we have to make the most of what we have. Life is like the sun, which rises, keeps moving constantly and finally sets on each new life. And as I tried to draw an analogy to lives that all of us have led and the paths we are about to embark on, I could not find a metaphor that accurately depicts all that has happened to us and all that will. There is no way to lump together the feelings of the first time you rode your bicycle without your father holding onto the handle bars, with the time you brought home an "A" on the essay you spent many sleepless nights perfecting. The embarrassment you felt when you fell down at recess in a mud puddle and your mom had to bring you clean clothes to change into and the lesson you learned when you set your binder on the top of your car, forgot about it, and drove off only to see your papers flying all over the road in the rear view mirror.

Communication and interpersonal skills Essay

Understand how communication and interpersonal skills affect managerial performance in the workplace Evaluate how interpersonal skills and communication skills affect managerial performance 2.1It is self-evident that communication and interpersonal skills are crucial in the workplace. Good two-way communication is important to enable the flow of information in an effective way whether it be verbal or non-verbal. Good communication has a positive impact on the performance of the team including; everyone is clear what is expected from them, they receive good feedback and recognition of achievements which makes staff feel valued and boosts employee morale. The manager needs to be approachable and have a non-threatening manner so staff feel at ease when discussing any issues or concerns. Good interpersonal relations encourage open behaviour where everyone is working as a team and supporting each other with a common sense of purpose. When goals and objectives are clearly set, with colleagues feeling involved and motivated, it has the overall effect of connecting each staff member and enabling team work. All of this results in a much stronger performance from the organisation as a whole, delivering high quality dental care in a happy relaxed environment and inevitably It will be much more successful in achieving its goals Poor communication results in staff being unclear of objectives, de-motivated and giving the impression of disinterest or even arrogance. Failure to communicate effectively often leads to conflict and the spread of rumours can begin to circulate which can harm a business internally as well as externally. It would be impossible to achieve the practice’s goals and objectives if there is significant conflict in the workplace. Boredom and a negative attitude also influence an employee’s receptiveness to a message. Overall poor communication and interpersonal skills have an adverse and counterproductive effect. Provide an evaluation of two or more strategies to overcome barriers to effective managerial communication and interpersonal skills. 2.2 In a small practice with part-time team members there is a high possibility of communication failure for example; messages not being passed on at all or incorrectly, decisions made earlier in the week without involvement or reference to all colleagues. This may result in mixed perceptions or feelings of marginalisation. To overcome this barrier, staff meetings are to be held on dates where all staff can attend. If this is not possible the minutes of the meeting should be written out and forwarded on to the appropriate people. It is also important to seek feedback regularly to check the message has been conveyed in a clear and concise way. Forums and emails are an efficient mechanism for short, chatty updates. It is also a good method of quickly communicating messages to several people and allowing further discussion with feedback and input. Another communication barrier that could occur would be staff not being clear of tasks that have been set for them to do by the busy, Principal Dentist. If this is done in an ad hoc, informal manner the tasks may not be done in the correct way or simply keep being rolled forward. To help overcome this barrier, I would need to ascertain from the Principal exactly what is required and when. I would then devise a rigorous schedule with clear step-by-step guide on what needs to be achieved. I would negotiate with individuals and delegate specific tasks depending on the skills required. The schedule would record who has been made responsible and have a checklist to be signed against. This would be displayed in a prominent position for example the staff room or a whiteboard. Once the job has been completed I can then report back within the time frame that the Dentist requires.

Porpyria’s Lover

Porphyria’s Lover – Critical Essay by Scott Jackson Q – Choose a poem that is written in the form of a dramatic monologue. Explain how the poet exploits the features of a Dramatic Monologue in order to create a memorable impression of a character or event. In the poem ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ by Robert Browning the poet exploits the features of the of the poem style of dramatic monologue to create a memorable impression of the main character.The first device used to create the memorable impression is pathetic fallacy in lines two, three and four where the writer says; â€Å"The sullen wind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦Tore the elm tops down for spite†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦Did its worst to vex the lake:† respectively. These techniques are used to show the main character’s very negative and very depressed emotions at the start of the poem before he sees Porphyria.The effectiveness of this being in a dramatic monologue is we are able to view all of his emotions on a more personal level this in turn makes the character of the lover more memorable to the reader. This idea continues onto line five where the reader says, â€Å"†¦With heart fit to break† this is again another insight on a personal level to the characters emotions showing that he is extremely saddened and it emphasizes the character more within the reader as we are seeing things purely from the character’s point of view.Another device used to create an impression of the character within the reader was in line six when the writer says â€Å"and glided in Porphyria† this shows that the character of Porphyria is very gracious and also very beautiful through the eyes of the main character it also shows the character has emotional feeling towards Porphyria in the sense that he is in love with her which gives the reader insight into the mind of the main character and aids in making them more memorable to the reader through th e use of dramatic monologue to display emotions.The main characters emotions are displayed through onto line 7 when the main character feels now quite pleased that Porphyria has arrived; the writer says, â€Å"She shut the cold out and the storm, And kneeled and made the cheeriness grate. † This again shows that the main character is in love with Porphyria as it has been shown through the dramatic monologue that she was able to change his mood from being somewhat depressed and unhappy to suddenly becoming quite cheerful.The reader is able to notice the strong emotional changes that occur in the main character and this helps create a more memorable impression of him. The main character develops a high level of sexual excitement and felt like the character of Porphyria was finally falling in love with him. In lines fourteen to twenty-one the writer says, â€Å"†¦ She sat down by my side And called me. When no voice replied, She put my arm around her waist, And made her sm ooth white shoulder bare, And all her yellow hair displaced,And stooping, made my cheek lie there, And spread o’er all, her yellow hair, murmuring how she loved me† Repetition of the word ‘and’ at the start of every line is used to display the build up of excitement within the main character as he watches every movement of Porphyria the main character believes that Porphyria is now in love with him and later in the poem even expresses that she now ‘worships’ the main character this is said at the pinnacle of the main characters sexual excitement.The writer uses the dramatic monologue to exploit the sexual feelings that the main character has towards Porphyria and thus the reader knows more about the character from an emotional perspective and this aids in creating a lasting impression on the reader. The tone of the poem changes in line 40 when a new development occurs and the reader is given more of an insight into the main character in the sen se that he has a psychotic impulse to murder Porphyria the writer says in line 40, â€Å"†¦ And strangled her; no pain she felt. The motive behind the strangulation of Porphyria is possible to have been a sexual incompetence in the main character and due to this it is required if he is to have any sexual pleasure at all he must inflict pain on the victim, in this case Porphyria. Also another way of knowing he is insane is when he says she felt no pain, he of course would not know if she had felt any pain however the reason given in the poem is in line 43 where the writer says, â€Å" I warily opened her lids: againLaughed the blue eyes without a stain. † The main character uses this as justification as to why she felt know pain it also in a way shows that he still cares for Porphyria, as he was concerned about her feeling pain when he took her life. The writer has used dramatic monologue to display the insanity within the main character the shock of this development has created a new impression of the main character on the reader and this was only done through the narrative style of the poem.In conclusion the narrative style of dramatic monologue has been exploited by the writer to create a lasting impression of the main character on the reader and has been done very effectively through the use of pathetic fallacy in the first few lines to display the characters emotions and the sudden change of personality in the character to create a lasting effect and made the character more memorable to readers.

Research Report Example

1. 0 Introduction 1. 1. Background of Research Nowadays, we can consider written form of message is the most effective as written communication will not change and the message to be delivered will always be consistent with no reduction or addition information in the message when compared to the messages conveyed through speech from one person to another. It is no wonder most important data is stored in written form. According to Knowles in the book of Patterns of Spoken English: An Introduction to English Phonetics, written language has the advantage that it is permanent so that it can be studied conveniently and at leisure, but spoken language is more elusive. In other words, written language looks like an imperfect version of spoken language. Since written communication is the most widely used to convey important messages, does the spelling errors in written communication will affect the message to be delivered? Nowadays, brief messages but important are often delivered in written form. For example, if a company wants to introduce their new products to the market, the company would choose to make use of sign board and written communication. The question now, if the sign board has spelling errors, does it have an impact on the message to be delivered and thus affect the sale of their products? There are many factors that cause English spelling errors in the sign boards. One of the factor is the mother tongue. In Malaysia, people come from a various races and ethnicities. Therefore, we are also have different native languages. The Malays with their Malay language, Chinese with their mandarin and many more. Since English is a second or third language in our lives, we often to misspell the word in English. In addition, a person who produces these signs are not concerned about spelling in their advertising. Sometimes the person responsible for making the sign board that using English language also does not have a good command of English. From the problem that we face, how one can prevent this problem? Among the solutions that can be taken is to use software or a spell checker before making billboards that use English. In addition, these signs should be going through the process of inspection or proof read the words. For someone that want to make their own sign board for the purpose of their small business, they can carefully and slowly read their writing out loud. Often your ear will hear what your eye did not see. Read your writing, sentence by sentence, from the last sentence to the first sentence. This technique interrupts the logical flow of the prose and neutralizes any impression of correctness arising from your knowledge of what you meant to say. Also, one can use their dictionary to check any words of which they are unsure, and to check for the spelling. This is a brief overview of the research that we want to conduct. Every point will be discussed further in more details and with an analysis. 1. 2. Statement of Problem The purpose of this research is to study the importance of spelling in advertisement. First of all, why spelling is so important when we want to convey a message in the form of written communication? Spelling is important because it aids in reading. It helps cement the connection that is shared between sounds and letters. Delivering very important information, for example information about the security at construction sites, but there is spelling errors in the signs. That would be a dangerous thing for anyone who cannot receive the message. In addition, if there are spelling errors in signs that seeks to promote a business, it will affect their business. Bad spelling gives others a bad impression about you or about your business. No matter what you say, if the spelling is poor, the reader will notice this before anything else. Punctuation errors often go unnoticed, but everyone notices spelling errors. Then, if the tourist that use English as their mother tongue read the sign board that have a spelling error, it will give a bad impression to our country. Then what will happen if the spelling errors are found in the sign board that is from a prestigious university. For example a parking sign board in a Cambridge University. The sign boards misspell the words ‘college’ to ‘collage’. This is a not a serious spelling errors, but it affect the reputation of the academic institution itself. 1. 3. Objectives of study i. To investigate the factors of spelling errors in advertisement. ii. To discover the impact of spelling errors in advertisement. iii. To find the most effective solution to avoid spelling errors. Research Questions i. Do spelling errors in advertisement prevent the message from being conveyed? ii. What are the factors that lead to spelling errors in advertising sign board? ii. What is the impact of spelling errors to the readers? iv. Which sectors are usually having spelling errors in their ad signs? (business or informative) v. Which sectors of the advertising sign board that have spelling errors are most affected? vi. How is the best way to avoid spelling errors in advertising signs? 1. 4 Significance of the study Sometimes, the wrong usage of language will cause different meaning for something. Somehow, nowadays, people are influenced by the foreign language, mother-tongue language, broken language, and other that cause the misuse of advertisement. Advertisements language usage is important because it is going to be a tool to remind or inform the others about certain information. A wrong use of language in advertisement sign board will cause troublesome to the reader or user in terms of understanding. 1. 5 Limitations of study The main scope of the study will be the student of UTHM. We choosing 20 respondents for engineering field and 20 respondents form Non-engineering filed. Initially, we will set the hotspot place like library, food court, bus stop, and etcetera. We are going to use questionnaire to collect data. The main constraint will be how to approach the students for them to spend time answering our questionnaire. Meanwhile, we also face problem of time management for going to the hotspot places in UTHM. Besides that is also having limitation of getting the field of study cause we need find 20 respondents for engineering field and 20 respondents form Non-engineering filed to fulfills the task. 1. 6 Definition of terms The main concept of our research is to identify the suitability of the usage of language in advertisement or sign board. This concept has been proposed due to too many confusing, annoying, and funny word or arrangement in all over the world. Our research has been decided due to the important of the advertisement and sign board. This is because of the wrong use of language to express something will be different for the original meaning and very confusing. In our proposal, we are using some abbreviation. They are as follows: a. UTHM : University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia b. FKEE : The Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering c. FSKTM: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology d. FPTPK: Faculty of Technology Management and Business 2. 0 Literature Review Spelling skill is a very important tool especially in conjunction with writing. As Croft (1993) states â€Å"the only possible justification for learning to spell is that accurate spelling is necessary for effective writing. † A misspelled word will quickly take the mind of the reader away from the meaning of the message. Spelling is necessary for good communication too. Kyte (2001) explored the causes of common spelling errors. These included carelessness, mispronunciation, phonrtic errors, homonym confusion and handwriting errors. Because of the citizen of our country, there are many dialect. The Pronunciation of a given word may vary widely while the spelling is the same. Mother tongue interference is cause of spelling error. Wilkins observes â€Å"When learning a foreign language an individual already knows his mother tongue, and it is this which he attempts to transfer. The transfer may prove to be justified because the structure of the two languages is similar – in that case we get ‘positive transfer' or ‘facilitation' – or it may prove unjustified because the structure of the two languages are different – in that case we get ‘negative transfer' – or ‘interference'. (Wilkins, 1999) â€Å"English spelling has traditionally been difficult for those who teach it as well as those who must learn it† (Johnston, 2000). Lack of simple one-to-one letter/sound correspondences in words and apparent exceptions to spelling rules contribute to spelling errors. â€Å"Due to the complexity of the task, it cannot be assumed that students will absorb good spelling practices without explicit instruction† (Gentry, 2001). The spelling of words in the English language is difficult for even the most adept students. In addition, students must be able to see an advantage to learning Standard English in order to develop a desire to spell correctly. â€Å"Though spelling may be difficult, it need not be dull. It is, indeed, by no means the least interesting element in the structure of our rich, living, and complex language† (Vallins as cited in Johnstone, 2001). â€Å"Spelling errors provide a visual representation for students, processing of linguistic information as well as their knowledge of English orthography †. (Henry, 2003) Chiang T. H. (1981) and Chiang P. J. (1993) explore the errors in Chinese college and senior high school student English compositions. They points out three prominent features in the error of vowel substitution: â€Å"first, errors often occurs in non-stressed syllables; second, the substitute letter(s) and the target letter(s) are often pronounced the same or similarly; last, a target letter may be replaced by its phonetic symbol†. They explores the errors through the data from a vocabulary translation test. In this test, students are asked to translate Chinese words into English equivalents. They find five types of spelling errors: (1) substitution (one or more letters are substituted with others, e. g. rabbit/ ribbit, present/prasent), (2) omission (one or more letters are missing from the target words, e. g. bigger/biger, August/Augst), (3) transposition (one or more letters are misplaced, e. g. minute/miunte, first/frist), (4) addition (extra letter is added to the target word, e. g. October/Octorber, pencil/pencial, bench/beanch), and (5) combination of the above. One of the most applicable solution to avoid spelling error in advertisement is proofreading. Proofreading is a highly complex process, it is a process of inspection. It involves more than just reading text. In proofreading, the reader must be trained to look consciously at what he would normally need to ignore–features of the code itself† (Shaughnessy, 2003). Proofreading involves looking closely at orthographic structures in words and using morphological information to check their correct usage. This is a highly developed skill. The purpose of this literature review is to study the causes of spelling errors, not solely at the advertisement area but also spelling errors in writing documents and so forth. Within this review, I argue that spelling is important to the development of written language skills. This has implications for academic performance in curriculum areas that rely on written language for assessment purposes. Students who have poor spelling skills often limit the quantity and quality of their written language in an effort to minimise errors. â€Å"Because of this, they may judge themselves, and be judged by others to be less capable than they really are, in the area of language expression† (Moseley, 1993). 3. 0 Methodology 3. 1 Sample The report is aimed at student of engineering student and non-engineering student (undergraduate) who study in UITHM. We have completed the data collection through questionnaire distributed to UTHM students, mainly divided to two groups. First group is engineering students (FKEE, FKMP, FKAAS) and the other is non engineering students (FTMM, FPTPK, FSSM). We have collected 40 samples of respond from this two groups, each 20 respectively. 3. 2 Data Collection We have gathered the data needed by employing observation. Observation is done to monitor the errors of spelling in advertisement in the closest area. It is also conducted to have wider understanding on â€Å"what’s going on† from taught material point of view. The observation done several times before finally we found an imprecise answer to what we were seeking for. That were the factors and the impact of spelling errors in advertisement. Participant observation is regarded in the best position to collect data about the observable features of the most effective solution to avoid spelling errors. The students will be investigated during the gap time between classes. It will be carried on in the hotspot area around UTHM. 3. 3 Data analysis As the result of the observation, the first method, the data would be analyzed by firstly comparing the data collected from each student. It have been done with the focus of evaluation of the material given in its role to evaluate what the effect of spelling error in advertisement . Then it would be classified into several categories which are constructed into more systematic arrangement of each After that, as the result of the each answer calculation, the researcher will transform it to percentage. The data will be shared in the form of tables and graps. 3. 4 Instrument The instruments refer to the method used in testing our hypothesis or answering our researched question. The instrument that we used is a survey in the form of questionnaire. We created the questionnaire based on our statement of problem and hypothesis. Then we gave the questionnaire to the students and ask them to answer. After that, we collected our questionnaire and analyzed our data. From the questionnaire, we had different opinion from respondents. Besides that, we also searched internet to get more information about this task . 3. 5 Research Procedure SELECT THE BEST TOPIC BRAINSTORM FOR TOPIC FORM A GROUP SUBMISSION OF REPORT ANALYZE THE DATA COLLECT THE QUESTIONNAIRE FORM QUESTIONNAIRE RESEARCH DISTRIBUTE THE QUESTIONNAIRE Firstly, we are divided into several groups by our own choice. Secondly, we have conducted the first meeting for brainstorming ideas to find the right topic. Only after several meeting, we found the most suitable topic which is â€Å"Spelling errors in advertisement†. Thirdly, we started the research by finding more information about our topic from the internet. To assist our data findings, we have made some questionnaires that are next distributed to the respective samples. Next, we have collected the data in the questionnaires and divided them into several specialized groups to make it clearer for analysing. 4. 0 Data Analysis The bar graph states the number of respondents answering the questionnaires distributed according to gender and section of study which are non-engineering and engineering students. Among the non-engineering students, the female students are the major respondents and same goes to the engineering students. The bar graph compares the number of respondents who have and have not seen or read billboards or signage with spelling errors on it. It seems that most of the respondents from engineering courses have seen some. While only six respondents from the non-engineering course stated that they have never seen it in live. Factors of spelling errors in advertisement according to the students’ point of view. Factors| Engineering| Non-engineering| Influenced by mother-tongue language. | 10| 10| No careful consideration on advertising messages that they want. | 11| 13| The person making billboards or signage sometimes is not expert in English. | 8| 7| Others| 2| 2| Discussion This statement or question was introduced to collect the point of view of students about the factors of spelling error in advertisement. Our respondent consisted of two groups of students, which is from engineering field and non-engineering field. Respondent can choose one or more factors in the question or choose others if they consider the spelling error of advertisement is caused by other factors. According to the data distribution, the main factor of spelling error in advertisement is caused by no careful consideration on advertising messages that they want. This recorded a highest percentage of 35. 48 in engineering students and 40. 63% in non-engineering students. On the other hand, both 10 votes from two different fields of students that suggested the spelling error in advertisement was influenced by mother tongue language. The data recorded a total of 31 votes from engineering students and 32 votes from non-engineering students respectively. This is an important factor that leads to the spelling error because the respondent is from multi-racial and have their own mother tongue language. Next, the person making billboards or signage sometimes is not expert in English also stands a high percentage. 25. 81% engineering students and 21. 88% non-engineering students support this factor of causing spelling error. Last but not least, both 2 votes from two field of students on others factor that caused this phenomenon to happen. In conclusion, there are many factors that caused this phenomenon to arise and we cannot conclude solely single factor that lead to this problem. The data collected also shown a quite equal percentage from each factor and this has proven the spelling error is caused by several factors. Table 4: Sector of (profitable or non – profitable) that are often has spelling error in their advertisement. Students| Sector of advertisement| | Non – profitable (informative)| Profitable (business)| Engineering| 13| 7| Non – engineering| 16| 4| The bar chart shows the sector of advertisement(profitable or non-profitable) that often has spelling error in their advertisement. 80% of Engineering student show it is from non-profitable sector while 20% show it is from profitable sector. For non-engineering students, 65% show it is from non-profitable sector while 35% show it is from profitable sector. The result from engineering and non-engineering students almost same for question which sector of (profitable or non – profitable) that are often has spelling error in their advertisement. They agreed that profitable sector are often has spelling error in their advertisement. Table 5: Understanding Level of The Students On Advertisement Containing Spelling Errors. Students| Understanding Level of The Students On Advertisement Containing Spelling Errors. | | Yes| No | Engineering| 19| 1| Non – engineering| 15| 5| The bar chart shows the understanding level of the students on advertisement containing spelling errors. 95% of Engineering student stated that they understand the real message that the ads even if the advertisement has spelling error while 5% stated that they do not understand the ads . For non-engineering students, 75% of non-Engineering student stated that they understand the real message that the ads even if the advertisement has spelling error while 25% stated that they do not understand the ads. The result from engineering and non-engineering student almost same for understanding level of the students on advertisement containing spelling errors. They agreed that they still can understand the real message that the ads even if the advertisement has spelling error. Table 6: Sector of advertisement (profitable or non – profitable) that most affected by spelling error in the advertising. 1-no influence 2-partially influence 3-strongly influence) Students| Level of Influence| | Non-profitable (informative) advertisement| Profitable (business) advertisement| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3| Engineering| 6| 8| 7| 7| 4| 10| Non – engineering| 4| 1| 9| 9| 5| 12| Discussion From the data, we found that most of our respondent said that profitable (business) advertisement are most affected by the spelling error in their advertising. This represents 62. 37% of our entire respondent vote. From this 62. 37%, 44. 83% are represented by the non- engineering student’s respondent. While the rest are from the engineering student’s respondent. From 62. 37% that said profitable (business) advertisement are most affected by the spelling error, 37. 93% of them put level 3 which level 3 is represent strongly influence. Only 44. 83% of our respondents said that non-profitable (informative) advertisement are most affected by the spelling error. The difference is almost 20%. From the analysis made, we can assume that most respondents said that profitable (business) advertisement are the most affected by spelling errors in their advertising because it involves the profitability of the business. Compares to non-profitable (informative) advertisement, even the message cannot be conveyed successfully it will not cause loss in investment like business. Students’ Opinion About The Effect Of Spelling Error In Advertisement To The Business. As we observe the figure above, we can know the students opinion about the effect of spelling error in advertisement to the business. If we look it more detail and deeply, he percentage of students who agree with the statement above is nearly same which is about 37. 5% -42. 5% which is from the engineering and non-engineering students. Other than that, the number of students who are not agree with the statement is a small amount only which is only 20% which is from the engineering and non-engineering students. Besides that, the students who agree with the statement by saying yes for the respective question is actually they might do not understand the message or not confident with the advertisement where it happens in the daily life in the aspect of business world whereas, the number the students who aren’t agree with the statement by saying no is trying to mean that the advertisement is not affected, they still can understand the message. Besides, they are trying to mean that the spelling error is easy to fixed and recognize and lastly they can be presented as a creative thinker. What do you think is the most suitable applicable solution to avoid spelling error in advertisement? * Use software, spell checker to check your word * Proof read before advertise (go through possess of inspection) * Native speaker (fluent in English) who guides to prevent bad translation Figure 8 Table 8 Students| Software checking| Undergo process of inspection| Native speaker| Other| Engineering Students| | 8| 12| 0| 0| Non-Engineering Students| 9| 7| 3| 1| Total| 17| 19| 3| 1| Discussion: The data obtain by questionnaire method. 20 respondents for engineering student and 20 respondents for Non-engineering student. From the table, we can see clearly that the â€Å"proof read before advertise â€Å"having the highest rate of choice that is 19 out of 40 respondents. After that follows by â€Å"use software, spell checker to check your word† with 17 respondents choice. Then is the native speaker with only 3 respondent’s choice. They a respondent give respond other which state that â€Å"check carefully first†. According to the analysis, we can make hypothesis that engineering student do not face problem of native speaker. Besides that, we also can predict that undergo process of inspection is more effective way to solve the problem. 5. 0 Conclusion In a nutshell, the research of this project had been done perfectly and we able to achieve all the objectives of the study. First of all, we would like to explain the main objective of the study which is to investigate the factors of spelling errors in advertisement. In this view of opinion, we can observe the research from the questionnaires which given to the engineering and non-engineering students for the purpose of this study which is the factors of spelling error in an advertisement wise. Secondly, we move to the next step of this study which is to discover the impact of spelling errors in an advertisement. By referring to this statement, we can say that the impacts are wrong information will be delivers to the readers and could create some confusion among the messages and fail to attract attention from the readers. Thirdly, adding with the next objective of this study which is to find the most effective solution to avoid spelling errors. If we look deeply and open our eyes and mind frankly, we can get to the meaning of tis statement which can be said this is another alternative method to deliver certain message to the readers correctly and accordingly, besides that can be said that by doing or creating some effective method to avoid such mistakes is to reduce the popularity of people getting confuse of some advertisement. Finally, I would like to combine this and try to compare in our daily life things, there are advantages and disadvantages whenever and whatever we do in our life time journey. Thus, what I’m is trying to is we as a educated community should concern and aware about this problem and prevent this thing to stay on and destroy our future generation’s language and their capability in the reading and grammar usage wise . We should do and react towards this problem in a big group and not depending someone ,its like we are saving and do not want the proper grammar usage to be extinct fully. Suggestion There are many ways to overcome or prevent this type of problem to be continued or occurred in the publics or medias. One of the way is by checking the advertisement before it shows to the public and there should be an checking errors team such as Quality Control(QC) team in any company projects work, such as the flow of the pattern and stages of grammar checking. Besides that, if let say there is an error in the advertisement which already showed or advertise, immediately change it through in another alternative way which we can say as a back up way to overcome such problem. Lastly, we as a creative thinking person should able to understand the purpose of an advertisement and try ourselves to correct it if there is any error in an advertisement such as erased such error occurred advertisement and change it to the proper sentence. 6. 0 Reference Chapter 2. 0 UW-Madison Writing Centre. (2009) Writer’s Handbook http://writing. wisc. edu/Handbook/index. html. The University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 11 Dec, 2011 Seymour, P. (1997). Foundations of orthographic development. In C. A. Perfetti, L. Rieben, & M. Fayol (Eds. ), Learning to Spell. Research, theory and practice across languages (pp. 319-338). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Asociates. Sloboda, J. A. (1980). Visual imagery and individual differences in spelling. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 231-250). London: Academic Press Inc. Ltd. Beck, I. L. (2006). Making sense of phonics: The hows and whys. New York: The Guilford Press. Bertucci, C. , Hook, P. , Macaruso, P. , & Bickley, C. (2003). Vowel perception and production in adolescents with reading disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 53, 174-197. Birsh, J. R. (Ed. ). (1999). Multisensory teaching of basic language skills. New York: Paul H. Brookes. Chapter 3. 0 McNeil, P. & Chapman, S. (2005) Research Methods. 3rd Ed. Routledge: Oxon Chapter 4. 0 Gillhooly, V. (2008) Business English-Charts, Graphs & Diagrams. Learnwell Oy Website: www. thelanguage. com. Retrieved 12 Dec, 2011 Caprette, D. (Aug 2007) Writing about Graphs. Rice University. Website: http://www. ruf. rice. edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform. html. Retrieved 16 Dec,2011